Planet found in nearest star system to Earth

This artist’s impression shows the planet orbiting the star Alpha Centauri B, a member of the triple star system that is the closest to Earth. Alpha Centauri B is the most brilliant object in the sky, and the other dazzling object is Alpha Centauri A. Our own Sun is visible to the upper right. The tiny signal of the planet was found with the HARPS spectrograph on the 3.6-meter telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile. // Credit: ESO/L. Calçada/N. Risinger

The observations extended over more than four years using the HARPS instrument and have revealed a tiny signal from a planet orbiting Alpha Centauri B every 3.2 days.

 European astronomers have discovered a planet with about the mass of the Earth orbiting a star in the Alpha Centauri system — the nearest to Earth. It is also the lightest exoplanet ever discovered around a star like the Sun. The planet was detected using the HARPS instrument on the 3.6-meter telescope at the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) La Silla Observatory in Chile.

Alpha Centauri is one of the brightest stars in the southern sky and is the nearest stellar system to our solar system, only 4.3 light-years away. It is actually a triple star — a system consisting of two stars similar to the Sun orbiting close to each other, designated Alpha Centauri A and B, and a more distant and faint red component known as Proxima Centauri. Since the 19th century, astronomers have speculated about planets orbiting these bodies, the closest possible abodes for life beyond the solar system, but searches of increasing precision had revealed nothing. Until now.

"Our observations extended over more than four years using the HARPS instrument and have revealed a tiny, but real, signal from a planet orbiting Alpha Centauri B every 3.2 days," said Xavier Dumusque from the Geneva Observatory in Switzerland and the University of Porto in Portugal. "It's an extraordinary discovery, and it has pushed our technique to the limit!"

The European team detected the planet by picking up the tiny wobbles in the motion of the star Alpha Centauri B created by the gravitational pull of the orbiting planet. The effect is minute. It causes the star to move back and forth by no more than 20 inches (51 centimeters) per second, about the speed of a baby crawling. This is the highest precision ever achieved using this method.

Alpha Centauri B is very similar to the Sun but slightly smaller and less bright. The newly discovered planet, with a mass of a little more than that of Earth, is orbiting about 3.7 million miles (6 million kilometers) away from the star, much closer than Mercury is to the Sun in the solar system. The orbit of the other bright component of the double star, Alpha Centauri A, keeps it hundreds of times farther away, but it would still be a brilliant object in the planet's skies.

This same team found the first exoplanet around a Sun-like star in 1995, and since then there have been more than 800 confirmed discoveries, but most are much bigger than Earth, and many are as big as Jupiter. The challenge astronomers now face is to detect and characterize a planet of mass comparable to Earth that is orbiting in the habitable zone around another star. The first step has now been taken.

"This is the first planet with a mass similar to Earth ever found around a star like the Sun. Its orbit is very close to its star, and it must be much too hot for life as we know it," said Stephane Udry from the Geneva Observatory, "but it may well be just one planet in a system of several. Our other HARPS results and new findings from Kepler both show clearly that the majority of low-mass planets are found in such systems."

"This result represents a major step towards the detection of a twin Earth in the immediate vicinity of the Sun. We live in exciting times!" said Dumusque.